Formation peculiarities and properties of ohmic contacts to n-GaN(AlN) and artificial diamond
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3103/S073527271310004XKeywords:
ohmic contact, contact resistivity, current flow mechanism, Oze spectroscopy, X-Ray diffractometryAbstract
The paper considers ohmic contacts of Au–TiBx–Al–Ti–n–GaN, Au–Pd–Ti–Pd–n–AlN and Au–Pd–Ti–n–C to the promising for use in microelectronics wide-gap semiconductors. Ohmic contact formation takes place after sequential layering of metal with further fast thermal processing, which leads to solid-phase reactions between the semiconductor and metal. It is shown that the use of X-ray amorphous TiBx layer in ohmic contact as the diffusion barrier allows for creating thermal stability contacts up to T = 900 °C. Current flow in the considered ohmic contacts is described using a model with current flow along metal shunts considering diffusion limitation on the charge carrier supply.
References
- ANNAIG, D.; GRAZIELLA, G.; DEMAZEAU, G. Gallium nitride bulk crystal growth processes: a review. Mater. Sci. Eng. R: Reports, v.50, n.6, p.167-194, 2006. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2005.11.001">10.1016/j.mser.2005.11.001.
- Handbook Series on Semiconductor Parameters, Vol. 1, 2. London: World Scientific, 1996, 1999 [ed. by M. Levinstein, S. Rumyantsev and M. Shur].
- KAMATA, HIROYUKI; NAOE, KUNIHIRO; SANADA, KAZUO; ICHINOSE, NOBORU. Single-crystal growth of aluminum nitride on 6H-SiC substrates by an open-system sublimation method. J. Crystal Growth., v.311, n.5, p.1291-1295, 2009. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2008.12.025">10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2008.12.025.
- BLANK, T.V. AND GOL’DBERG, YU.A. Mechanisms of current flow in metal-semiconductor ohmic contacts. Semiconductors, v.41, n.11, p.1263-1292, 2007. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1063782607110012">10.1134/S1063782607110012.
- SHRETTER, YU.G.; REBANE, YU.T.; ZYKOV, B.A.; SIDOROV, V.G. Wide-Gap Semiconductors. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2001. 125 p. [in Russian].
- VASILYEV, A.G.; KOLKOVSLIY, YU.V.; LONTSEVOY, YU.A. Microwave Transistors Based on Wide-Gap Semiconductors. Moscow: Tekhnosfera, 2011. 256 p. [in Russian].
- YILMASOGLU, O.; MUTAMBA, K.; PAVLIDIS, D.; KARADUMAN, T. First observation of bias oscillations in GaN Gunn diodes on GaN substrate. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, v.55, n.6, p.1563-1567, 2008. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TED.2008.921253">10.1109/TED.2008.921253.
- SHEREMET, V.N. Formation peculiarities and electro-physical properties of ohmic contacts to gallium nitride (review). Optical Electronics and Semiconductor Devices, v.44, p.41-59, 2009.
- MOHAMMAD, S. NOOR. Contact mechanisms and design principles for alloyed ohmic contacts to n-GaN. J. Appl. Phys., v.95, n.12, p.7940-7953, 2004. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1712016">10.1063/1.1712016.
- TRETYAKOV, T.D. Solid-Phase Reactions. Moscow: Khimiya, 1978. 360 p. [in Russian].
- PIDUN, MARKUS; KARDUCK, PETER; MAYER, JOACHIM; HEIME, KLAUS; SCHINELLER, BERND; WALTHER, THOMAS. Auger depth profile analysis and EFTEM analysis of annealed Ti/Al-contacts on Si-doped GaN. Appl. Surface Sci., v.179, n.1–4, p.213-221, 2001. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00282-3">10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00282-3.
- FOMENKO, V.S. Emission Properties of Materials. Reference Book. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1981. 340 p. [in Russian].
- BELYAEV, A.E.; BOLTOVETS, N.S.; IVANOV, V.N.; KAPITANCHUK, L.M.; KLADKO, V.P.; KONAKOVA, R.V.; KUDRYK, YA.YA.; KUCHUK, A.V.; LYTVYN, O.S.; MILENIN, V.V.; SHEREMET, V.N.; SVESHNIKOV, YU.N. Development of high-stable contact systems to gallium nitride microwave diodes. Semicond. Phys. Quantum Electron. Optoelectron., v.10, n.4, p.1-8, 2007, http://journal-spqeo.org.ua/n4_2007/v10n4-07-p01-08.pdf "> http://journal-spqeo.org.ua/n4_2007/v10n4-07-p01-08.pdf .
- SACHENKO, A.V.; BELYAEV, A.E.; BOLTOVETS, N.S.; ZHILYAEV, YU.V.; KLAD’KO, V.P.; KONAKOVA, R.V.; KUDRYK, YA.YA.; PANTELEEV, V.N.; SHEREMET, V.N. Resistance formation mechanisms for contacts to n-GaN and n-AlN with high dislocation density. Phys. Status Solidi (C), v.10, n.3, p.498-500, 2013. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.201200530">10.1002/pssc.201200530.
- ZHILYAEV, YU.V. AND RODIN, S.N. Chloride vapor-phase epitaxy of gallium nitride at a reduced source temperature. Tech. Phys. Lett., v.36, n.5, p.397-399, 2010. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1063785010050020">10.1134/S1063785010050020.
- SACHENKO, A.V.; BELYAEV, A.E.; BOLTOVETS, N.S.; ZHILYAEV, YU.V.; KAPITANCHUK, L.M.; KLAD’KO, V.P.; KONAKOVA, R.V.; KUDRYK, YA.YA.; KUCHUK, A.V.; NAUMOV, A.V.; PANTELEEV, V.V.; SHEREMET, V.N. Investigation of resistance formation mechanisms for contacts to n-AlN and n-GaN with a high dislocation density. Semicond. Phys. Quantum Electron. Optoelectron., v.15, n.4, p.351-357, 2012, http://journal-spqeo.org.ua/n4_2012/v15n4-2012-p351-357.pdf "> http://journal-spqeo.org.ua/n4_2012/v15n4-2012-p351-357.pdf.
- BASANETS, V.V.; BOLTOVETS, N.S.; GUTSUL, A.V.; ZORENKO, A.V.; RAL’CHENKO, V.G.; BELYAEV, A.E.; KLAD’KO, V.P.; KONAKOVA, R.V.; KUDRIK, YA.YA.; KUCHUK, A.V.; MILENIN, V.V. Integrated microwave (centimeter-range) modulator on polycrystalline diamond layers. Tech. Phys., v.58, n.3, p.420-424, 2013. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1063784213030055">10.1134/S1063784213030055.
- RALCHENKO, V.G.; SAVELIEV, A.V.; POPOVICH, A.F.; VLASOV, I.I.; VORONINA, S.V.; ASHKINAZI, E.E. CVD diamond coating of AlN ceramic substrates to enhance heat removal. Russian Microelectronics, v.35, n.4, p.205-209, 2006. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1063739706040019">10.1134/S1063739706040019.
- HARPER, R.E.; JOHNSTON, C.; CHALKER, P.R.; TOTTERDELL, D.; BUCKLEY-GOLDER, I.M.; WERNER, M.; OBERMEIER, E.; VAN ROSSUM, M. Contacts to doped and undoped polycrystalline diamond films. Diamond Relat. Mater., v.1, n.5-6, p.692-696, 1992. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-9635(92)90193-R ">10.1016/0925-9635(92)90193-R.
- WANG, F.M.; CHEN, M.W.; LAI, Q.B. Metallic contacts to nitrogen and boron doped diamond-like carbon films. Thin Solid Films, v.518, n.12, p.3332-3336, 2010. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.10.041">10.1016/j.tsf.2009.10.041.
- MURET, P.; PRUVOST, F.; SABY, C.; LUCAZEAU, E.; NGUYEN TAN, T.A.; GHEERAERT, E.; DENEUVILLE, A. Carbide contacts on homoepitaxial diamond films. Diamond Relat. Mater., v.8, n.2–5, p.961-965, 1999. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-9635(98)00380-X">10.1016/S0925-9635(98)00380-X.
- BLANK, T.V.; GOLDBERG, YU.A.; KONSTANTINOV, O.V.; NIKITIN, V.G.; POSSE, E.A. Peculiarities in the mechanism of current flow through an ohmic contact to gallium phosphide. Tech. Phys. Lett., v.30, n.10, p.806-809, 2004. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1813716">10.1134/1.1813716.
- BLANK, T.V.; GOL’DBERG, YU.A.; KONSTANTINOV, O.V.; NIKITIN, V.G.; POSSE, E.A. The mechanism of current flow in an alloyed In-GaN ohmic contact. Semiconductors, v.40, n.10, p.1173-1177, 2006. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1063782606100095">10.1134/S1063782606100095.
- BELYAEV, A.E.; BOLTOVETS, N.S.; KONAKOVA, R.V.; KUDRYK, YA.YA.; SACHENKO, A.V.; SHEREMET, V.N.; VINOGRADOV, A.O. Temperature dependence of contact resistance for Au-Ti-Pd2Si-n+ Si ohmic contacts subjected to microwave irradiation. Semiconductors, v.46, n.3, p.330-333, 2012. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1063782612030074">10.1134/S1063782612030074.
- SACHENKO, A.V.; BELYAEV, A.E.; BOBYL, A.V.; BOLTOVETS, N.S.; IVANOV, V.N.; KAPITANCHUK, L.M.; KONAKOVA, R.V.; KUDRYK, YA.YA.; MILENIN, V.V.; NOVITSKII, S.V.; SAKSEEV, D.A.; TARASOV, I.S.; SHEREMET, V.N.; YAGOVKINA, M.A. Temperature dependence of the contact resistance of ohmic contacts to III-V compounds with a high dislocation density. Semiconductors, v.46, n.3, p.334-341, 2012. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1063782612030177">10.1134/S1063782612030177.
- SACHENKO, A.V.; BELYAEV, A.E.; BOLTOVETS, N.S.; KONAKOVA, R.V.; KUDRYK, YA.YA.; NOVITSKII, S.V.; SHEREMET, V.N.; LI, J.; VITUSEVICH, S.A. Mechanism of contact resistance formation in ohmic contacts with high dislocation density. J. Appl. Phys., v.111, n.8, p.083701, 2012. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3702850">10.1063/1.3702850.
- SACHENKO, A.V.; BELYAEV, A.E.; BOLTOVETS, N.S.; VINOGRADOV, A.O.; KAPITANCHUK, L.M.; KONAKOVA, R.V.; KOSTYLYOV, V.P.; KUDRYK, YA.YA.; KLADKO, V.P.; SHEREMET, V.N. The mechanism of contact-resistance formation on lapped n-Si surfaces. Semiconductors, v.47, n.3, p.449-454, 2013. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1063782613030238">10.1134/S1063782613030238.
- SZE, S.M. AND NG, K.K. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2007. 815 p.
- RHODERICK, E.H. AND WILLIAMS, R.H. Metal-Semiconductor Contacts, 2nd ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988.
- SHEREMET, V.N. Effect of microwave treatment on current flow mechanism in ohmic contacts to GaN. Semicond. Phys. Quantum Electron. Optoelectron., v.16, n.3, 2013.
- SHEREMET, V.N.; ZHIGUNOV, V.S.; ZHILYAEV, YU.V. Current flow mechanisms of ohmic contacts to AlN. Proc. of Young Scientists Conf. on Semiconductor Physics “Lashkaryovs Readings 2013,” 2–4 April 2013, Kyiv, Ukraine. Kyiv, 2013, p.251-253.
- BELYAEV, A.E.; BOLTOVETS, N.S.; IVANOV, V.N.; KLAD’KO, V.P.; KONAKOVA, R.V.; KUDRIK, YA.YA.; KUCHUK, A.V.; MILENIN, V.V.; SVESHNIKOV, YU.N.; SHEREMET, V.N. Mechanism of dislocation-governed charge transport in Schottky diodes based on gallium nitride. Semiconductors, v.42, n.6, p.689-693, 2008. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1063782608060092">10.1134/S1063782608060092.
- SHEREMET, V.N. Metrological aspects of measuring resistance of Ohmic contacts. Radioelectron. Commun. Syst., v.53, n.3, p.119-128, 2010. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/S0735272710030015">10.3103/S0735272710030015.
